Penetration
Determining penetration depends on the weapon type. Bows and crossbows do not count strength, throwing does.
Modifiers
There is a single modifier, for range.
Ranged weapons
Penetration of these weapons equals the weapon's penetration.
penetration = weapon penetration - range penalty
The penetration of a 30 lb bow is 9. Anyone who uses it will have penetration 9.
Throwing weapons
Penetration of thrown weapons equals the weapon's penetration plus half of the attacker's strength (as with hand weapons).
penetration = Str : 2 + weapon penetration - range penalty
Glenfir will have a thrown knife penetration of 3 (8:2-1).
Armor
Armor is calculated exactly the same as in close combat. We do not list armor in shooting stats.